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The History of Biorhythms 4 BC to 2003 AD
The natural world is teeming with regular patterns and sequential events that can be represented mathematically. Our ancestors had no difficulty spotting daily (circadian) and yearly (annual) rhythms in plants, in animals, and in themselves.
Earliest observed biological cycles were recorded by Alexander the Great's scribe, Androsthenes, in the fourth century BC.
Jean Jacques d'Ortous deMairan, a French astronomer, performed the first known experiment on biological rhythms in 1729. He investigated the behaviour of heliotrope, a plant with leaves that open during the day and close at night. He found that the leaves continued to open and close even when lighting levels were constant.
In the late 1800s and early 1900s two doctors were instrumental in the study of biorhythm and are now considered to be the “fathers” of biorhythm theory. Dr. Hermann Swoboda, a Professor of Psychology at the University of Vienna and Dr. Wilhelm Fliess an ear, nose and throat surgeon from Berlin (and a contemporary and colleague of Siegmund Freud) observed that people's emotions and physical stamina changed in a regular pattern. Their great contribution to chronobiology was to establish the 28-day emotional and the 23-day physical cycles.
The third and intellectual biorhythm cycle was first proposed in the early twentieth century by a Viennese engineer and mathematician called Alfred Teltscher. He observed that humans had a regular 33-day cycle for mental agility and ability. Two American doctors, Rexferd Hersey and John Bennett, reached the same conclusion independently at Pennsylvania University.
In the 1930s, scientists noticed that bees collected pollen at regular times, even when nectar and daylight were absent. This was an important indication that endogenous rhythms applied to all organisms with a central nervous system.
In the 1950's Gustav Kramer and Klaus Hoffmann studied the ‘internal clocks’ of migrating birds. Further work done by Colin Pittendrigh, British born American Professor of Biology, showed that the periods of internal clocks remain fixed, no matter what happens to the surrounding environment.
Important research into the different chronobiology for moods, performance, and general health is currently taking place in the University of Texas (Hermann Chronobiology Center) by Michael Smolensky, Ph.D.
London based researcher, Zerrin Hodgkins, founder of Biomatch.com, began work on biorhythms in 1995 and discovered the existence of a fourth strand to the biorhythmic pattern in 2003. Her analytical work on the 28 day emotional/33 day intellectual/23 day physical biorhythmic cycles uncovered a separate 21 day cycle that relates specifically to moods.
Further research in 2003 by Zerrin Hodgkins revealed that the 28 day ‘emotional’ cycle simply represents the autonomic nervous system which controls automatic functions, reactions and reflexes. This cycle is now known as the reflexive cycle.
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